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03.06 Concat And Append

Data sciencePandasIPythonNumpyO'Reillyscikit-learnpythonMatplotlib
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Some of the most interesting studies of data come from combining different data sources. These operations can involve anything from very straightforward concatenation of two different datasets, to more complicated database-style joins and merges that correctly handle any overlaps between the datasets. Series and DataFrames are built with this type of operation in mind, and Pandas includes functions and methods that make this sort of data wrangling fast and straightforward.
Here we'll take a look at simple concatenation of Series and DataFrames with the pd.concat function; later we'll dive into more sophisticated in-memory merges and joins implemented in Pandas.
We begin with the standard imports:
python
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
For convenience, we'll define this function which creates a DataFrame of a particular form that will be useful below:
python
def make_df(cols, ind):
    """Quickly make a DataFrame"""
    data = {c: [str(c) + str(i) for i in ind]
            for c in cols}
    return pd.DataFrame(data, ind)

# example DataFrame
make_df('ABC', range(3))
In addition, we'll create a quick class that allows us to display multiple DataFrames side by side. The code makes use of the special _repr_html_ method, which IPython uses to implement its rich object display:
python
class display(object):
    """Display HTML representation of multiple objects"""
    template = """<div style="float: left; padding: 10px;">
    <p style='font-family:"Courier New", Courier, monospace'>{0}</p>{1}
    </div>"""
    def __init__(self, *args):
        self.args = args
        
    def _repr_html_(self):
        return '\n'.join(self.template.format(a, eval(a)._repr_html_())
                         for a in self.args)
    
    def __repr__(self):
        return '\n\n'.join(a + '\n' + repr(eval(a))
                           for a in self.args)
The use of this will become clearer as we continue our discussion in the following section.

Recall: Concatenation of NumPy Arrays

Concatenation of Series and DataFrame objects is very similar to concatenation of Numpy arrays, which can be done via the np.concatenate function as discussed in The Basics of NumPy Arrays. Recall that with it, you can combine the contents of two or more arrays into a single array:
python
x = [1, 2, 3]
y = [4, 5, 6]
z = [7, 8, 9]
np.concatenate([x, y, z])
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
The first argument is a list or tuple of arrays to concatenate. Additionally, it takes an axis keyword that allows you to specify the axis along which the result will be concatenated:
python
x = [[1, 2],
     [3, 4]]
np.concatenate([x, x], axis=1)
array([[1, 2, 1, 2], [3, 4, 3, 4]])

Simple Concatenation with pd.concat

Pandas has a function, pd.concat(), which has a similar syntax to np.concatenate but contains a number of options that we'll discuss momentarily:
python
# Signature in Pandas v0.18
pd.concat(objs, axis=0, join='outer', join_axes=None, ignore_index=False,
          keys=None, levels=None, names=None, verify_integrity=False,
          copy=True)
pd.concat() can be used for a simple concatenation of Series or DataFrame objects, just as np.concatenate() can be used for simple concatenations of arrays:
python
ser1 = pd.Series(['A', 'B', 'C'], index=[1, 2, 3])
ser2 = pd.Series(['D', 'E', 'F'], index=[4, 5, 6])
pd.concat([ser1, ser2])
1 A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 E 6 F dtype: object
It also works to concatenate higher-dimensional objects, such as DataFrames:
python
df1 = make_df('AB', [1, 2])
df2 = make_df('AB', [3, 4])
display('df1', 'df2', 'pd.concat([df1, df2])')
By default, the concatenation takes place row-wise within the DataFrame (i.e., axis=0). Like np.concatenate, pd.concat allows specification of an axis along which concatenation will take place. Consider the following example:
python
df3 = make_df('AB', [0, 1])
df4 = make_df('CD', [0, 1])
display('df3', 'df4', "pd.concat([df3, df4], axis='col')")
We could have equivalently specified axis=1; here we've used the more intuitive axis='col'.

Duplicate indices

One important difference between np.concatenate and pd.concat is that Pandas concatenation preserves indices, even if the result will have duplicate indices! Consider this simple example:
python
x = make_df('AB', [0, 1])
y = make_df('AB', [2, 3])
y.index = x.index  # make duplicate indices!
display('x', 'y', 'pd.concat([x, y])')
Notice the repeated indices in the result. While this is valid within DataFrames, the outcome is often undesirable. pd.concat() gives us a few ways to handle it.
Catching the repeats as an error
If you'd like to simply verify that the indices in the result of pd.concat() do not overlap, you can specify the verify_integrity flag. With this set to True, the concatenation will raise an exception if there are duplicate indices. Here is an example, where for clarity we'll catch and print the error message:
python
try:
    pd.concat([x, y], verify_integrity=True)
except ValueError as e:
    print("ValueError:", e)
ValueError: Indexes have overlapping values: [0, 1]
Ignoring the index
Sometimes the index itself does not matter, and you would prefer it to simply be ignored. This option can be specified using the ignore_index flag. With this set to true, the concatenation will create a new integer index for the resulting Series:
python
display('x', 'y', 'pd.concat([x, y], ignore_index=True)')
Adding MultiIndex keys
Another option is to use the keys option to specify a label for the data sources; the result will be a hierarchically indexed series containing the data:
python
display('x', 'y', "pd.concat([x, y], keys=['x', 'y'])")
The result is a multiply indexed DataFrame, and we can use the tools discussed in Hierarchical Indexing to transform this data into the representation we're interested in.

Concatenation with joins

In the simple examples we just looked at, we were mainly concatenating DataFrames with shared column names. In practice, data from different sources might have different sets of column names, and pd.concat offers several options in this case. Consider the concatenation of the following two DataFrames, which have some (but not all!) columns in common:
python
df5 = make_df('ABC', [1, 2])
df6 = make_df('BCD', [3, 4])
display('df5', 'df6', 'pd.concat([df5, df6])')
By default, the entries for which no data is available are filled with NA values. To change this, we can specify one of several options for the join and join_axes parameters of the concatenate function. By default, the join is a union of the input columns (join='outer'), but we can change this to an intersection of the columns using join='inner':
python
display('df5', 'df6',
        "pd.concat([df5, df6], join='inner')")
Another option is to directly specify the index of the remaininig colums using the join_axes argument, which takes a list of index objects. Here we'll specify that the returned columns should be the same as those of the first input:
python
display('df5', 'df6',
        "pd.concat([df5, df6], join_axes=[df5.columns])")
The combination of options of the pd.concat function allows a wide range of possible behaviors when joining two datasets; keep these in mind as you use these tools for your own data.

The append() method

Because direct array concatenation is so common, Series and DataFrame objects have an append method that can accomplish the same thing in fewer keystrokes. For example, rather than calling pd.concat([df1, df2]), you can simply call df1.append(df2):
python
display('df1', 'df2', 'df1.append(df2)')

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